英语翻译Oceanographyhasbeendefinedastheapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsof

　　英语翻译

　　Oceanographyhasbeendefinedastheapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea.

　　Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.

　　Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionorearlyintercontinentaltravelersorothers,whoearnedalivingfromtheseatherewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofileofroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.

　　ItwastoMauryoftheU.SNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,MauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyofthesea.

　　Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredbylivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientficopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

　　WithinafewyearsOceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition,whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsfouryearsandledtoafivevolumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.