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  阅读理解Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”,andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewide

  阅读理解

  Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”,andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages(阶段),hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological“drives”(生理的动力)asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.

  Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome(result).

  Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponse(反应)withclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplay(显示)oflights,andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearning(wereabletolearn)quitecomplex(复杂的)turnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.

  Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywouldsmileorbubble(格格地笑)whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarily(mainly)thesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamental(basic)humanurge(强烈欲望)tomakesenseof(understand)theworldandbringitunderintentional(有意识的)control.

  1.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich________.

  []

  A.willsatisfytheircuriosity

  B.willmeettheirphysicalneeds

  C.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasure(areconnectedwithpleasure)

  D.wiltbringthemafeelingofsuccess

  2.Papouseknoticedthatinhisstudiesthatababy_

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2020-04-0721:40
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李三广

  D;D;D;A;C

2020-04-07 21:43:11
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