英语翻译1)Properdrainageisessentialinroadbuilding,becauseifthefoundationbecamesoggy,theheavyroadwouldsickintoit.Andifthewaterweretofreezeintheground,itwouldexpandandcracktheroad.Toprotectthehighwayfromsuchdam
英语翻译
1)Properdrainageisessentialinroadbuilding,becauseifthefoundationbecamesoggy,theheavyroadwouldsickintoit.Andifthewaterweretofreezeintheground,itwouldexpandandcracktheroad.Toprotectthehighwayfromsuchdamage,drainpipescalledculvertsarelaidacrosstheroadbedwhereverastrongflowofwaterisexpected.theroadbeditselfisshapedsothatthemiddleofthefinishedroadwouldbehigherthanthesides.Thenwaterandmeltingsnowwilleasilydrainoffitssurfaceintothedrainpipesorditches.Theroadbedisgivenafinalgrading(smoothing)andisnowreadytoreceivetheroaditself.
2)Abridgehasalwaysofferedmanthesatisfactionofsuccessfullyconqueringanobstruction,beitaprimitivebridgeoftheancientsoramodernbridgeofimmensegracefukinview,balancedindistributionofmass,harmoniousinproportion,orderlyinlines,integralwiththeenvironment.
3)Inancienttimes,bridgesoftencrossedriversatrightangles,hadhumpsinthemiddle,hadnodiscretefootpaths,andwereinvariablybuiltofstoneandtimberusingthearchformofconstruction.Thesubsequentevolutionofbridgeengineeringistheresultofimprovementofstructuralformaspermittedbygraduallyimprovedunderstandingofstructuralanalysisanddesign,coupledwithimprovedconstructionmaterialsandmethodsoffabricationanderection.
4)Scientificknowledgeaboutmaterialsandstructuralbehaviorhasexpandedtremendously,andcomputingtechniquesarenowwidelyavailabletomanipulatecomplextheoriesveryquickly.Engineershavevirtuallyrevolutionizedbridgedesignandconstructionmethodsinthepastdecade.theseadvancesapplytoshort-,medium-,andlong-spanbridges.
5)Commonelementsofthesubstructureareabutments(usuallyatthebridgeends)andpiers(betweentheabutments).Piersandabutmentsoftenrestonseparatelyconstructedfoundationssuchasconcretespreadfootingsorgroupsofbearingpiles;thesefoundationssuchasconcretespreadfootingsorgroupsofbearingpiles;thesefoundationsarepartofthesubstructure.Occasionallyabridgesubstructurecomprisesaseriesofpilebentsinwhichthepilesextendabovethewaterlineandaretoppedbyapilecapthat,inreturn,supportsthemajorstr

