求英译汉,不要直译!Equallythefundingmaybepublicorprivate(oftenona‘charitablebasis’)oracombinationofbothwherethereisfreeaccess.Todaymanypublicfacilitiesexistnotbecausetheyareprovidebythepublicauthoritie
求英译汉,不要直译!
Equallythefundingmaybepublicorprivate(oftenona‘charitablebasis’)oracombinationofbothwherethereisfreeaccess.Todaymanypublicfacilitiesexistnotbecausetheyareprovidebythepublicauthorities,norindeedbecauseofanynotionofpublicspritednessonthepartoftheprovidedbythepublicauthorities,norindeedbecauseofanynotionofpublicspriitednessonthepartoftheprivatesector,butratheraspartofabargainingprocesswherebythepublicauthoritiesextracteconomicrentfromland-useandotherdevelopersintheformofthelatterprovidingcitizenswitharangeoffacilitiesthattheywouldnotprovideifstandardcommerciallycriteriawereapplied.Forexample,aland-usedevelopermayfeelitcommerciallydesirabletoleavesomeopenspacesandprovideparkstoincreasethevalueofthepropertiesthatarebeingdeveloped;theplanningauthorities,takingawidersocialperspective,mayinsist,however,onmoreopenspaceandlandscapedparksattheexpensesoffewerhousesoroffices.Theprivatesectoristhusencouragedtofoundpublicfacilitiesbecauseoftheexternalbenefitsconferred,butattheexpenseofrentmaximization.
Sincetherearefewreasonsonpublicgoodsgroundstothinkthatmanypublicfacilitieswouldnotbeprovidedbytheprivatesector,amorefruitfulapproachistoconsiderthedemandside.Publicfacilitiesofferslargeandpervasiveexternalsocialbenefitsthatmarketsdonotadequatecapture.Perhapsamoreusefuleconomicapproachtopublicfacilitiesis,therefore,thoughthenotionof‘need’.theauthorities,foravarietyofcriteriathatareoftenonlypartiallyarticulated,fellthatthereisasocialneedformanytypesofpublicfacilities.This‘need’tokeeptheviolenttendenciesofcitizensappeasedbyhaving‘games’inpublicstadiums,afunctionperhapsofmodernsoccergroundsthatgetpublicplanningpermissionandoftenfunding.Statereligion,andthedesiretomeetthespiritual‘needs’ofindividuals,ledtotheplanningofreligiousbuildingsandceremonieswithinandaroundthem..
Manyoftoday’s‘needs’areperhapssomewhatdifferent..Insomecasesthereisseentobeaneconomic‘need’toprotectnaturalresourcesorprovidepublicspacesorfacilitiessuchasmuseumsandartgalleriest