现代微生物学简史：（里面提到的几个人）

　　in1676,AntonievanLeeuwenhoekobservedbacteriaandothermicroorganisms,usingasingle-lensmicroscopeofhisowndesign.[1]WhileVanLeeuwenhoekisoftencitedasthefirsttoobservemicrobes,RobertHookemadethefirstrecordedmicroscopicobservation,ofthefruitingbodiesofmolds,in1665.[8].ThefirstobservationofmicrobesusingamicroscopeisgenerallycreditedtotheDutchdraperandhaberdasher,AntonievanLeeuwenhoek,wholivedformostofhislifeinDelft,Holland.Ithas,however,beensuggestedthataJesuitpriestcalledAthanasiusKircherwasthefirsttoobservemicroorganisms.[9]Hewasamongthefirsttodesignmagiclanternsforprojectionpurposes,sohemusthavebeenwellacquaintedwiththepropertiesoflenses.[9]OneofhisbookcontainsachapterinLatin,whichreadsintranslation–‘Concerningthewonderfulstructureofthingsinnature,investigatedbyMicroscope.Here,hewrote‘whowouldbelievethatvinegarandmilkaboundwithaninnumerablemultitudeofworms.’Healsonotedthatputridmaterialisfullofinnumerablecreepinganimalculae.TheseobservationsantedateRobertHooke’sMicrographiabynearly20yearsandwerepublishedsome29yearsbeforevanLeeuwenhoeksawprotozoaand37yearsbeforehedescribedhavingseenbacteria.[9]

　　Thefieldofbacteriology(laterasubdisciplineofmicrobiology)wasfoundedinthe19thcenturybyFerdinandCohn,abotanistwhosestudiesonalgaeandphotosyntheticbacterialedhimtodescribeseveralbacteriaincludingBacillusandBeggiatoa.Cohnwasalsothefirsttoformulateaschemeforthetaxonomicclassificationofbacteriaanddiscoverspores.[10]LouisPasteurandRobertKochwerecontemporariesofCohn’sandareoftenconsideredtobethefatherofMicrobiology[9]andmedicalmicrobiology,respectively.[11]Pasteurismostfamousforhisseriesofexperimentsdesignedtodisprovethethenwidelyheldtheoryofspontaneousgeneration,therebysolidifyingmicrobiology’sidentityasabiologicalscience.[12]Pasteuralsodesignedmethodsforfoodpreservation(pasteurization)andvaccinesagainstseveraldiseasessuchasanthrax,fowlcholeraandrabies.[1]Kochisbestknownforhiscontributionstothegermtheoryofdisease,provingthatspecificdiseaseswerecausedbyspecificpathogenicmicroorganisms.HedevelopedaseriesofcriteriathathavebecomeknownastheKoch'spostulates.KochwasoneofthefirstscientiststofocusontheisolationofbacteriainpurecultureresultinginhisdescriptionofseveralnovelbacteriaincludingMycobacteriumtuberculosis,thecausativeagentoftuberculosis.[1]

　　WhilePasteurandKochareoftenconsideredthefoundersofmicrobiology,theirworkdidnotaccuratelyreflectthetruediversityofthemicrobialworldbecauseoftheirexclusivefocusonmicroorganismshavingdirectmedicalrelevance.Itwasnotuntilthelate19thcenturyandtheworkofMartinusBeijerinckandSergeiWinogradsky,thefoundersofgeneralmicrobiology(anoldertermencompassingaspectsofmicrobialphysiology,diversityandecology),thatthetruebreadthofmicrobiologywasrevealed.[1]Beijerinckmadetwomajorcontributionstomicrobiology:thediscoveryofvirusesandthedevelopmentofenrichmentculturetechniques.[13]WhilehisworkontheTobaccoMosaicVirusestablishedthebasicprinciplesofvirology,itwashisdevelopmentofenrichmentculturingthathadthemosti