直接引语是直接引述别人的原话,原话用有引号,而间接引语是引述别人的话,不用引号.间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句.直接引语改为间接引语时,引述动词是现在时,则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变.例如:Shesays,“I’llneverforgetthemoment变成间接引语为Shesaysthatshe’llneverforgetthemoment.但是如引述动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化.遵循下列规律:
三要素.
我们要很好地掌握直接引语变间接引语这一语法项目,关键要掌握下列“三要素”.
要素一:陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that,在口语中可省略.引述动词用said,told,,等.例如:
1)Hesaid:“I’veleftmybookinmyroom.”→
Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinhisroom.
2)Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→
Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.
要素二:疑问句的间接引语.一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether,而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether,引述动词用asked,没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me,him等,例如:
ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→
SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.
1)Sheasked,“Isthisbookyoursorhis?”→
Sheaskedmewhetherthatbookwasmineorhis.
2)特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词,改为陈述语序.例如:
Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→
TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.
要素三:祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构.
told
即askedsb.(not)todosth.
ordered
warned
注意:引语中的呼语可改成宾语.引语中的please去掉,动词改为ask
1)Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Don’twasteyourtime.”→
Theteachertoldthestudentsnottowastetheirtime.
2)Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→
ThemotheraskedTomtogetupearly.
“五不变”
在直接引语变间接引语时,还要注意以下五种不变的特殊情况.
1.直接引语如果是客观真理,谚(习)语,变间接引语时时态不变.例如:
Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→
Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.
Myfathersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”→
Myfathersaidpracticemakesperfect.
2.直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的,习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的,变间接引语时,时态保持不变,例如:
Theboysaidtous,“Iusuallygetupatsixeveryday.”→
Theboytoldusheusuallygetsupatsixeveryday.
Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→
Hesaidtheyarestillstudents.
3.直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语,时态不变.例如:
Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→
Hetoldmethathewasbornin1978.
Theengineersaid,“Iwasatcollegein1967.”→
Theengineersaidhewasatcollegein1967.
4.直接引语中凡有When,since,while引导的从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句时态,从句的时态不变.例如:
Hesaid,“IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasaboy.”→
HesaidhehadstudiedEnglishsincehewasaboy.
Shesaid,“IreadthebookwhileIwaswaitingforabus.→
Shesaidshehadreadthebookwhileshewaswaitingforabus.
Mr.Greensaidtothem,“Joetoldmeallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.”→
Mr.GreentoldthemJoehadtoldhimallabouthisstorywhenheaskedforajob.
5.如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist,suggest,demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句,变间接引语时,引语中的主从句时态都不变.例如:
Hesaid,“Weinsistedthatshestartimmediately.→
Hesaidthey(had)insistedthatshestartimmediately.
Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→
Shesaidhedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.
另外,如果说话人转述自己的话,人称则可不变.例如:
Isaidtohim,“Ihavefinishedit.”→ItoldhimIhadfinishedit.
如果就在当地转述,here不必变为there,come不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,则today,yesterday,tomorrow等状语也不必变化.例如:
Shesaidtous,I’